Bibliography for PL3127 / PL3327 Political Participation in Britain BETA

Abramowitz, Alan I., Almond, Gabriel A, and Verba, Sidney (1980) The Civic culture revisited: An analytic study. Boston: Little, Brown. Available at: https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824527-dt-content-rid-2072838_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27698.pdf.

After the party - what can political parties learn from 38 Degrees | openDemocracy (no date). Available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/james-dennis/after-party-what-can-political-parties-learn-from-38-degrees.

Almond, Gabriel A and Verba, Sidney (1989) The civic culture: political attitudes and democracy in five nations. [New ed.]. Newbury Park, Ca: Sage. Available at: https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=7924834800002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Amnå, E. (2015) Handbook of digital politics. Edited by S. Coleman and D. Freelon. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=3563697.

Anheier, H.K. and Toepler, S. (2010) International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag New York. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4.

Anti-politics and the left | Lawrence & Wishart (no date). Available at: https://www.lwbooks.co.uk/renewal/24-2/anti-politics-and-the-left.

Anwar, M. (2001) ‘The participation of ethnic minorities in British politics’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(3), pp. 533–549. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/136918301200266220.

Audit of Political Engagement (no date). Available at: https://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/research/audit-of-political-engagement.

AV referendum | Politics | The Guardian (no date). Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/av-referendum.

Baldini, G. (2015) ‘Is Britain Facing a Crisis of Democracy?’, The Political Quarterly, 86(4), pp. 540–549. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12185.

Baldini, G. (2016) ‘Democracy, Golden Ages and Balancing Acts—Comment on Flinders, M. (2015) The Problem with Democracy’, Parliamentary Affairs, 69(2), pp. 451–463. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv048.

Bale, T. (no date) ‘The dwindling Tory party: is anybody out there? - Telegraph’. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/10323333/The-dwindling-Tory-party-is-anybody-out-there.html.

Barnes, Samuel H. and Kaase, Max (1979) Political action: mass participation in five Western democracies. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications.

Bartle, John and Griffiths, Dylan (2001) Political communications transformed: from Morrison to Mandelson. Houndmills [England] ; New York: Palgrave. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10045519.

Baston, Lewis (2011) Don’t take no for an answer: the 2011 Referendum and the future of electoral reform. London: Biteback.

BBC News - Conservative membership has nearly halved under Cameron (no date). Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-24143443.

Benewick, Robert and Smith, Trevor (1972) Direct action and democratic politics. London: Allen and Unwin.

Bennie, L. and Russell, A. (2012) Radical or Compliant? Young Party Members in Britain. Available at: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:177225&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.PDF.

Biezen, I. v. and Poguntke, T. (2014) ‘The decline of membership-based politics’, Party Politics, 20(2), pp. 205–216. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813519969.

van Biezen, I. (6AD) The decline in party membership across Europe means that political parties need to reconsider how they engage with the electorate. Available at: http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/05/06/decline-in-party-membership-europe-ingrid-van-biezen/.

Birch, S., Gottfried, G. and Lodge, G. (2013) ‘Divided Democracy. Political Inequality in the UK and Why it Matters’. London: Institute for Public Policy Research. Available at: http://www.ippr.org/assets/media/images/media/files/publication/2013/11/divided-democracy_Nov2013_11420.pdf.

Bogdanor, Vernon (2009) The new British constitution. Oxford: Hart. Available at: https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8319189050002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Bowler, S. and Donovan, T. (2013) ‘Civic duty and turnout in the UK referendum on AV: What shapes the duty to vote?’, Electoral Studies, 32, pp. 265–273.

Briggs, J. (2017) Young people and political participation: teen players. [London, England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4737102.

‘British politics in the Age of Uncertainty: the link between old, new, and anti-politics’ (no date). Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/71927/.

Budge, I. (2006) ‘DIRECT AND REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY: ARE THEY NECESSARILY OPPOSED?’, Representation, 42(1), pp. 1–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890600583685.

Budge, Ian (1996) The new challenge of direct democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Butler, David and Kitzinger, Uwe (1976) The 1975 referendum. London: Macmillan.

Butler, David and Ranney, Austin (1994) Referendums around the world: the growing use of direct democracy. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Butt, Sara and Fitzgerald, R. (2014) ‘Critical consensus? Britain’s expectations and evaluations of democracy’, in A. Park, C. Bryson, and J. Curtice (eds) British Social Attitudes 31. NatCen. Available at: http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-31/democracy/introduction.aspx.

Butt, Sarah and Fitzgerald, R. (2014) ‘Democracy’, in A. Park, J. Curtice, and C. Bryson (eds) British Social Attitudes 31. London: NatCen, pp. 1–23. Available at: http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-31/democracy/introduction.aspx.

Bynner, J. and Ashford, S. (1994) ‘Politics and participation: Some antecedents of young people’s attitudes to the political system and political activity’, European Journal of Social Psychology, 24(2), pp. 223–236. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420240202.

Byrne, Paul (1997) Social movements in Britain. London: Routledge.

C2D - Centre for Research on Direct Democracy (no date). Available at: http://c2d.ch/.

Campbell, R. (2013) ‘Leaders, footsoldiers and befrienders: The gendered nature of social capital and political participation in Britain’, British Politics, 8(1), pp. 28–50. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2012.21.

Cantijoch, M., Cutts, D. and Gibson, R. (2016) ‘Moving Slowly up the Ladder of Political Engagement: A “Spill-over” Model of Internet Participation’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 18(1), pp. 26–48. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12067.

Cantijoch, Marta (no date) ‘Internet Use and Political Engagement: The Role of E-Campaigning as a Pathway to Online Political Participation’. Available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/538243k2.

‘Card-carried away: what does it mean to be a member of a political party in Britain today?’ (no date). Available at: http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/06/card-carried-away-what-does-it-mean-be-member-political-party-britain-today.

Casey, Terrence (2009) The Blair legacy: Politics, policy, governance, and foreign affairs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230232846.

Cecilia Emma Sottilotta (2017) ‘The Strategic Use of Government-Sponsored Referendums in Contemporary Europe: Issues and Implications’, Journal of Contemporary European Research, 13(4). Available at: https://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/view/836.

Chadwick, A. and Dennis, J. (2017a) ‘Social Media, Professional Media and Mobilisation in Contemporary Britain: Explaining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Citizens’ Movement 38 Degrees’, Political Studies, 65(1), pp. 42–60. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321716631350.

Chadwick, A. and Dennis, J. (2017b) ‘Social Media, Professional Media and Mobilisation in Contemporary Britain: Explaining the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Citizens’ Movement 38 Degrees’, Political Studies, 65(1), pp. 42–60. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321716631350.

Chadwick, A. and Stromer-Galley, J. (2016) ‘Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Parties and Election Campaigns’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(3), pp. 283–293. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216646731.

Chadwick, Andrew (2006) Internet politics: states, citizens, and new communication technologies. New York ; Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip N. (2008) Routledge handbook of Internet politics. New York, NY: Routledge. Available at: http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663607980002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

CHILDS, S. (2004) ‘A British Gender Gap? Gender and Political Participation’, The Political Quarterly, 75(4), pp. 422–424. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2004.00646.x.

Citizenship and Civic Engagement Committee - UK Parliament (no date). Available at: http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/lords-select/citizenship-civic-engagement/.

Clark, A. (2018) Political Parties in the UK. 2nd ed. 2018. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Clarke, Harold D. (2009) Performance politics and the British voter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10329741.

Clarke, H.D. et al. (2016) Austerity and political choice in Britain. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=879659.

Clarke, N. et al. (2017) ‘Changing spaces of political encounter and the rise of anti-politics: Evidence from Mass Observation’s General Election diaries’, Political Geography, 56, pp. 13–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.10.004.

Clarke, N. et al. (2018a) The Good Politician Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Clarke, N. et al. (2018b) The Good Politician Folk Theories, Political Interaction, and the Rise of Anti-Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Coleman, S. and Ward, S. (2005) ‘Spinning the Web: Online campaigning in the 2005 general election’. London: The Hansard Society. Available at: http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Spinning-the-Web-2005.pdf.

Cotton, R. and Fontana, C. (2018) ‘Political parties at critical junctures: explaining the decisions to offer referendums on constitutional change in the United Kingdom’, Contemporary British History, pp. 1–27. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2017.1417122.

Cowley, P. and Ford, R.A. (eds) (2016) More sex, lies & the ballot box: another 50 things you need to know about British elections. London: Biteback Publishing.

Cowley, P. and Kavanagh, D. (2018) The British General Election of 2017. Basingtoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Coxall, W. N. (2001) Pressure groups in British politics. Harlow: Longman.

Curtice, J. (2005) ‘Turnout: Electors Stay Home--Again’, Parliamentary Affairs, 58(4), pp. 776–785. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsi066.

Curtice, J. (2011) ‘The Death of a Miserable Little Compromise: The Alternative Vote Referendum’, Political Insight, 2(2), pp. 14–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-9066.2011.00066.x.

Curtice, J. (2013) ‘Politicians, voters and democracy: The 2011 UK referendum on the Alternative Vote’, Electoral Studies, 32, pp. 215–223.

Curtice, J. (2016) ‘Politics’, in J. Curtice, M. Phillips, and E. Clery (eds) British Social Attitudes 33. NatCen. Available at: http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-33/politics.aspx.

Curtice, J. (2017) ‘Brexit’, in E. Clery, J. Curtice, and R. Harding (eds) British Social Attitudes 34. London: NatCen. Available at: http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-34/brexit.aspx.

Curtice, J. (no date) The Electoral Reform Society blog. Available at: http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/blog/the-av-referendum-what-went-wrong.

Curtice, J. and Seyd, B. (2012) ‘Constitutional reform: a recipe  for restoring faith in our democracy?’, in A. Park et al. (eds) British Social Attitudes 29. NatCen. Available at: http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-29/constitutional-reform/introduction.aspx.

Curtice, J. and Simpson, I. (2018) ‘Voting’, in D. Phillips et al. (eds) British Social Attitudes 35. London: NatCen, pp. 1–29. Available at: http://bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-35/voting.aspx.

Dalton, R.J. (2017a) The participation gap: social status and political inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5090818.

Dalton, R.J. (2017b) The participation gap: social status and political inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5090818.

Dalton, R.J. and Klingemann, H.-D. (2009a) The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Dalton, R.J. and Klingemann, H.-D. (2009b) The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Dalton, R.J. and Klingemann, H.-D. (2009c) The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Dalton, R.J. and Klingemann, H.-D. (2009d) The Oxford handbook of political behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://eu.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=8090668850002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Dalton, R.J. and Welzel, C. (eds) (2014) The civic culture transformed: from allegiant to assertive citizens. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Dalton, Russell J. and Wattenberg, Martin P. (2000) Parties without partisans: political change in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10273305.

Database by country | MAPP project (no date). Available at: http://www.projectmapp.eu/database-country/.

DeBardeleben, Joan and Pammett, Jon H. (2009) Activating the citizen: Dilemmas of participation in Europe and Canada. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230240902.

Della Porta, D. and Diani, M. (2006) Social Movements: An Introduction. 2nd Revised edition. Oxford: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=141284.

Democratic Audit UK (no date). Available at: http://www.democraticaudit.com/.

Dennis, J. (2018) Beyond Slacktivism. 1st ed. 2019. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5568402.

Denver, D. (2015) ‘The Results: How Britain Voted’, Parliamentary Affairs, 68(suppl 1), pp. 5–24. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv024.

Denver, D. (2018) ‘The Results: How Britain Voted1’, Parliamentary Affairs, 71(suppl_1), pp. 8–28. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsx059.

Denver, D. and Garnett, M. (2014) British General Elections Since 1964: Diversity, Dealignment, and Disillusion. Oxford University Press, USA. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=1635569.

Denver, D. T., Carman, Christopher, and Johns, Robert (2012) Elections and voters in Britain. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Deth, Jan W. van and Maloney, William A. (2012) New participatory dimensions in civil society: professionalization and individualized collective action. Abingdon: Routledge. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10545502.

Deth, J.V. (1997) Private Groups and Public Life: Social Participation. London: Taylor & Francis. Available at: http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=5575.

van Deth, J.W. (ed.) (1997) Private Groups and Public Life: Social Participation and Political Involvement in Representative Democracies. London: Routledge. Available at: http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5663968860002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

van Deth, J.W. (2014) ‘A conceptual map of political participation’, Acta Politica, 49(3), pp. 349–367. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2014.6.

Deth, J.W. van, Montero, J.R. and Westholm, A. (2006) Citizenship and involvement in European democracies: a comparative analysis. London: Routledge.

Direct Democracy Database | International IDEA (no date). Available at: http://www.idea.int/data-tools/data/direct-democracy.

Doherty, B. (1999) ‘Paving the Way: the Rise of Direct Action against Road-building and the Changing Character of British Environmentalism’, Political Studies, 47(2), pp. 275–291. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00200.

Doherty, B. et al. (2003) ‘Explaining the fuel protests’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 5(1), pp. 1–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.00093.

Doherty, B. (2003) ‘“The Preferred Way of Doing Things”: The British Direct Action Movement’, Parliamentary Affairs, 56(4), pp. 669–686. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsg109.

Dominic Wring (2015) ‘Exit Velocity: The Media Election’, Parliamentary Affairs, 68(suppl 1), pp. 224–240. Available at: http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/suppl_1/224.full.pdf+html.

Don’t knock clickivism: it represents the political participation aspirations of the modern citizen | The Policy and Internet Blog (no date). Available at: http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/dont-knock-clickivism-it-represents-the-political-participation-aspirations-of-the-modern-citizen/.

Dorey, Peter (1999) The Major premiership: politics and policies under John Major, 1990-97. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=5001712.

Dunleavy, Patrick (2000) Developments in British politics 6. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Dunleavy, Patrick (2003) Developments in British politics 7. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Dunleavy, Patrick (2006) Developments in British politics 8. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Election Analysis | UK Election Analysis 2015: Media, Voters and the Campaign (no date). Available at: http://www.electionanalysis.uk/.

Electoral Commission (2002) ‘Voter Engagement among black and minority ethnic communities’. London: Electoral Commission. Available at: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0020/16094/Ethnicfinalreport_11586-6190__E__N__S__W__.pdf.

Electoral Commission (2013) ‘Police and Crime Commissioner Elections in England and Wales. Report on the administration of the elections held on 15 November 2012’. London: Electoral Commission. Available at: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/154353/PCC-Elections-Report.pdf.

Electoral Commission (2014) ‘Scottish Independence Referendum: report on the referendum held on 18 September 2014’. London: Electoral Commission. Available at: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0010/179812/Scottish-independence-referendum-report.pdf.

Electoral Commission | 2011 UK referendum on the voting system used to elect MPs - results (no date). Available at: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/referendums/2011-UK-referendum-on-the-voting-system-used-to-elect-MPs.

Electoral Commission | EU referendum result visualisations (no date). Available at: https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/find-information-by-subject/elections-and-referendums/past-elections-and-referendums/eu-referendum/eu-referendum-result-visualisations.

Electoral Commission | Home (no date). Available at: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/.

EU Referendum: Were young people less likely to vote? - BBC News (no date). Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36737374.

European Consortium for Political Research (2013) The challenges of intra-party democracy. Edited by W.P. Cross and R.S. Katz. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Evans, Geoffrey and Norris, Pippa (1999a) Critical elections: British parties and voters in long-term perspective. London: SAGE. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=537771.

Evans, Geoffrey and Norris, Pippa (1999b) Critical elections: British parties and voters in long-term perspective. London: SAGE. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=537771.

Fisher, J. (2008) ‘Whither the parties?’, in R. Hazell (ed.) Constitutional Futures Revisited. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 249–266. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230595088.

Fisher, J., Fieldhouse, E. and Cutts, D. (2014) ‘Members Are Not the Only Fruit: Volunteer Activity in British Political Parties at the 2010 General Election’, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 16(1), pp. 75–95. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12011.

Flinders, M. (2016) ‘The Problem with Democracy’, Parliamentary Affairs, 69(1), pp. 181–203. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv008.

Fox, R. (2009) ‘Engagement and Participation: What the Public Want and How our Politicians Need to Respond’, Parliamentary Affairs, 62(4), pp. 673–685. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsp027.

Fox, S. (2013) ‘Is it Time to Update the Definition of Political Participation? Political Participation in Britain: The Decline and Revival of Civic Culture’, Parliamentary Affairs, pp. 1–11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gss094.

Furlong, A. and Cartmel, F. (2012) ‘Social Change and Political Engagement Among Young People: Generation and the 2009/2010 British Election Survey’, Parliamentary Affairs, 65(1), pp. 13–28. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsr045.

Garcia Albacete, G. (2014) Young People’s Political Participation in Western Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Gauja, A. (2013a) ‘The Individualisation of Party Politics: The Impact of Changing Internal Decision-Making Processes on Policy Development and Citizen Engagement’, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.12035.

Gauja, A. (2013b) The politics of party policy: from members to legislators. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=471879.

Gavin, N.T. (2010) ‘Pressure Group Direct Action on Climate Change: The Role of the Media and the Web in Britain-A Case Study’, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 12(3), pp. 459–475. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00411.x.

di Gennaro, C. (2006) ‘The Internet and the Public: Online and Offline Political Participation in the United Kingdom’, Parliamentary Affairs, 59(2), pp. 299–313. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsl004.

Gibson, R. and Cantijoch, M. (2013) ‘Conceptualizing and Measuring Participation in the Age of the Internet: Is Online Political Engagement Really Different to Offline?’, The Journal of Politics, 75(3), pp. 701–716.

Gibson, R. and Cantijoch, M. (no date) 2010 may not have marked the first ‘internet election’, but digital platforms are of ever increasing importance in political campaigning | British Politics and Policy at LSE, British Politics and Policy at LSE. Available at: http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/16525.

Gibson, R., Cantijoch, M. and Ward, S. (eds) (2010) ‘The internet and the 2010 election; putting the small “p” back in politics?’ London: The Hansard Society. Available at: http://www.hansardsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/The-internet-and-the-2010-election-2010.pdf.

Gibson, Rachel, Nixon, P. G., and Ward, Stephen (2003) Political parties and the Internet: net gain? London: Routledge.

Gibson, R.K. (2009) ‘NEW MEDIA AND THE REVITALISATION OF POLITICS’, Representation, 45(3), pp. 289–299. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890903129566.

Gibson, R.K., Lusoli, W. and Ward, S. (2005) ‘Online Participation in the UK: Testing a “Contextualised” Model of Internet Effects1’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 7(4), pp. 561–583. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2005.00209.x.

Goerres, A. (2009) The political participation of older people in Europe: the greying of our democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9780230233959.

Goodwin, M.J. (2010) ‘Activism in Contemporary Extreme Right Parties: The Case of the British National Party (BNP)’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 20(1), pp. 31–54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/17457280903450690.

Goodwin, M.J. and Heath, O. (2016) ‘The 2016 Referendum, Brexit and the Left Behind: An Aggregate-level Analysis of the Result’, Political Quarterly, 87(3), pp. 323–332. Available at: https://doi.org/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/1467-923X.12285/full.

Grant, W. (2001) ‘Pressure Politics: From “Insider” Politics to Direct Action?’, Parliamentary Affairs, 54(2), pp. 337–348. Available at: http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/2/337.full.pdf+html.

Grant, W. (2003) ‘Pressure Politics: The Challenges for Democracy’, Parliamentary Affairs, 56(2), pp. 297–308. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/parlij/gsg020.

Grant, W. (2004) ‘Pressure Politics: The Changing World of Pressure Groups’, Parliamentary Affairs, 57(2), pp. 408–419. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsh033.

Grant, W. (2005) ‘Pressure Politics: A Politics of Collective Consumption?’, Parliamentary Affairs, 58(2), pp. 366–379. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsi028.

Grant, W. (2008) ‘The Changing Patterns of Group Politics in Britain’, British Politics, 3(2), pp. 204–222. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2008.3.

Grant, W. (2014) ‘Pressure Politics: The Role of Pressure Groups’, Political Insight, 5(2), pp. 12–15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-9066.12055.

Grant, Wyn (1993) Business and politics in Britain. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Grant, Wyn (1995) Pressure groups, politics and democracy in Britain. 2nd ed. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Grant, Wyn (2000) Pressure Groups and British politics. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press.

Gurr, T.R. (2012) Why Men Rebel. 40th anniversary ed. E. Boulder: Paradigm. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=870103.

Halpin, D. (2017a) Surviving Global Change? Routledge. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5164703.

Halpin, D. (2017b) Surviving Global Change? Routledge. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5164703.

Halupka, M. (2014) ‘Clicktivism: A Systematic Heuristic’, Policy & Internet, 6(2), pp. 115–132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI355.

Halupka, M. (2016) ‘The rise of information activism: how to bridge dualisms and reconceptualise political participation’, Information, Communication & Society, 19(10), pp. 1487–1503. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1119872.

Harris, J. (no date) ‘Welcome to the first e-election | Politics | The Guardian’, The Guardian [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/mar/17/labour-conservatives-general-election-online.

van Haute, E. and Gauja, A. (eds) (2015) Party Members and Activists. Abingdon: Routledge.

Haute, Emilie van (2011) Party membership in Europe: exploration into the anthills of party politics. Brussels: Editions de Université de Bruxelles.

Hay, C. and Stoker, G. (2009) ‘REVITALISING POLITICS: HAVE WE LOST THE PLOT?’, Representation, 45(3), pp. 225–236. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890903129681.

Hay, Colin (2010) New directions in political science: responding to the challenges of an interdependent world. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Heath, O. and Goodwin, M. (2017) ‘The 2017 General Election, Brexit and the Return to Two-Party Politics: An Aggregate-Level Analysis of the Result’, The Political Quarterly [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12405.

Heffernan, R. et al. (eds) (2016) Developments in British Politics 10. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Heffernan, Richard, Cowley, Philip, and Hay, Colin (2011a) Developments in British politics 9. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Heffernan, Richard, Cowley, Philip, and Hay, Colin (2011b) Developments in British politics 9. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Helm, T. (no date) ‘How the 2010 election will be won by blogs and tweets | Politics | The Observer’, The Observer [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jan/03/labour-tory-internet-campaigns.

Henn, M. and Foard, N. (2012) ‘Young People, Political Participation and Trust in Britain’, Parliamentary Affairs, 65(1), pp. 47–67. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsr046.

Henn, M. and Foard, N. (2013) ‘Social differentiation in young people’s political participation: the impact of social and educational factors on youth political engagement in Britain’, Journal of Youth Studies, pp. 1–21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2013.830704.

Henn, M. and Weinstein, M. (2006) ‘Young people and political (in)activism: why don’t young people vote?’, Policy & Politics, 34(3), pp. 517–534. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557306777695316.

Henn, M., Weinstein, M. and Forrest, S. (2005) ‘Uninterested Youth? Young People’s Attitudes towards Party Politics in Britain’, Political Studies, 53(3), pp. 556–578. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00544.x.

Henn, M., Weinstein, M. and Hodgkinson, S. (2007) ‘Social Capital and Political Participation: Understanding the Dynamics of Young People’s Political Disengagement in Contemporary Britain’, Social Policy and Society, 6(04). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746407003818.

HENN, M., WEINSTEIN, M. and WRING, D. (2002) ‘A generation apart? Youth and political participation in Britain’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 4(2), pp. 167–192. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.t01-1-00001.

Henry E. Brady, Sidney Verba and Kay Lehman Schlozman (1995) ‘Beyond Ses: A Resource Model of Political Participation’, The American Political Science Review, 89(2), pp. 271–294. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2082425.

Hindman, Matthew Scott (2009) The myth of digital democracy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=296467.

HM Government e-petitions (no date). Available at: http://epetitions.direct.gov.uk/.

Hooghe, M., Hosch-Dayican, B. and van Deth, J.W. (2014) ‘Conceptualizing political participation’, Acta Politica, 49, pp. 337–348. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2014.7.

House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee (2014) ‘Voter Engagement in the UK: Fourth Report of the 2014- 2015 Session, HC232’. London. Available at: http://www.parliament.uk/voter-engagement-in-the-uk.

House of Commons Select Committee on Political and Constitutional Reform (no date) ‘Political and Constitutional Reform - Fourth Report.  Voter engagement in the UK’. London: House of Commons. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmpolcon/232/23202.htm.

‘House of Lords - Referendums in the United Kingdom - Constitution Committee’ (2010). Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldconst/99/9902.htm.

How Momentum got Britain’s youth interested in politics | British Politics and Policy at LSE (no date). Available at: http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/how-momentum-got-young-people-interested-in-formal-politics/.

How should politicians reconnect with voters? - BBC News (no date). Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40000449.

Huhne, C. (2009) ‘REVITALISING POLITICS: RESPONDING TO THE CHALLENGE’, Representation, 45(3), pp. 325–335. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890903129608.

Jennings, W., Stoker, G. and Twyman, J. (2016a) ‘The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain’, Parliamentary Affairs [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv067.

Jennings, W., Stoker, G. and Twyman, J. (2016b) ‘The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent in Britain’, Parliamentary Affairs [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv067.

Johnson, C. and Marshall, B. (no date) ‘Political engagement among young people: an update’. London: Electoral Commission. Available at: http://ec.clients.squiz.co.uk/__data/assets/electoral_commission_pdf_file/0016/16135/Politicalengagementamongyoungpeople_14096-10669__E__N__S__W__.pdf.

Jordan, A. G. and Maloney, William A. (1997) The protest business?: mobilizing campaign groups. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Jordan, A. G. and Maloney, William A. (2007) Democracy and interest groups: enhancing participation? New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust - State of the Nation surveys (no date). Available at: http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications.

Jowell, Roger and National Centre for Social Research (1999) British social attitudes: The 16th report: Who shares the New Labour values? Aldershot: Ashgate.

Joyce, P. and Joyce, P.D. (2002) Politics of Protest, The: Extra-Parliamentary Politics in Britain Since 1970. Palgrave MacMillan.

Katz, R.S. and Crotty, W.J. (2012) Handbook of Party Politics. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Kellner, P. (no date) ‘Down with people power’, Prospect [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/downwithpeoplepower.

KELSO, A. (2007) ‘Parliament and Political Disengagement: Neither Waving nor Drowning’, The Political Quarterly, 78(3), pp. 364–373. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2007.00865.x.

Kimberlee, R.H. (2002) ‘Why Don’t British Young People Vote at General Elections?’, Journal of Youth Studies, 5(1), pp. 85–98. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260120111788.

King, A. (no date) Why a poor turn-out points to a democracy in good health - Telegraph. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1331055/Why-a-poor-turn-out-points-to-a-democracy-in-good-health.html.

King, Anthony (1977) Britain says yes: the 1975 referendum on the Common Market. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

King, Anthony (2007) The British Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=238231.

Klingemann, Hans-Dieter and Fuchs, Dieter (1995) Citizens and the state. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824511-dt-content-rid-2072834_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27694.pdf.

Kölln, A.-K. (2016) ‘Party membership in Europe’, Party Politics, 22(4), pp. 465–477. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068814550432.

Kriesi, Hanspeter (1995) New social movements in Western Europe: a comparative analysis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10159405.

Kuhn, Raymond (2007) Politics and the media in Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kyriakos, D.N. (ed.) (2013) Democracy in Transition: Political Participation in the European Union. Springer. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=425838.

Lawrence LeDuc (no date) ‘Why did Britain vote for change when so many referendums end in the status quo?’, The Conversation [Preprint]. Available at: https://theconversation.com/why-did-britain-vote-for-change-when-so-many-referendums-end-in-the-status-quo-61970.

Lawrence, M. and Birch, S. (no date) ‘The Democracy Commission: Reforming Democracy to Combat Political Inequality’. London: Institute for Public Policy Research. Available at: http://www.ippr.org/files/publications/pdf/democracy-commission_Aug2015.pdf?noredirect=1.

LeDuc, L. (2015) ‘Referendums and deliberative democracy’, Electoral Studies, 38, pp. 139–148. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.02.007.

LeDuc, L., Niemi, R.G. and Norris, P. (eds) (2014) Comparing democracies 4: elections and voting in a changing world. Fourth edition. Los Angeles: SAGE.

LeDuc, Lawrence (2003) The politics of direct democracy: referendums in global perspective. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press. Available at: http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664316980002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Lee, L. and Young, P. (2013) ‘A disengaged Britain? Political interest and participation  over 30 years’, in A. Park et al. (eds) British Social Attitudes 30. NatCen. Available at: http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-30/politics/introduction.aspx.

Lent, A. (2003) ‘The transformation of gay and lesbian politics in Britain1’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 5(1), pp. 24–49. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.00094.

Lent, Adam (2001) British social movements since 1945: sex, colour, peace and power. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

Lilleker, D.G. and Koc-Michalska, K. (2017) ‘What Drives Political Participation? Motivations and Mobilization in a Digital Age’, Political Communication, 34(1), pp. 21–43. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1225235.

Low, M. (2013) ‘The changing nature of activist engagement within the Conservative Party: A review of Susan Scarrow’s task-orientated approach to party membership’, British Politics [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2013.10.

Lowndes, V. (2004) ‘Getting On or Getting By? Women, Social Capital and Political Participation’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 6(1), pp. 45–64. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00126.x.

Lukas Audickas (no date) ‘Membership of UK political parties’. Available at: https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN05125.

Lusoli, W. and Ward, S. (2004) ‘Digital Rank-and-file: Party Activists’ Perceptions and Use of the Internet’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 6(4), pp. 453–470. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2004.00150.x.

Mair, P. and van Biezen, I. (2001) ‘Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980-2000’, Party Politics, 7(1), pp. 5–21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068801007001001.

Major UK demonstrations and protests listed: which one was biggest? | News | theguardian.com (no date). Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/28/demonstrations-protests-uk-list.

Maloney, W. (2009) ‘INTEREST GROUPS AND THE REVITALISATION OF DEMOCRACY: ARE WE EXPECTING TOO MUCH?’, Representation, 45(3), pp. 277–287. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890903129541.

Marsh, Alan (1977) Protest and political consciousness. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications.

Marsh, D., Vines, E. and Halupka, M. (2016) ‘Two Cheers for Richards and Smith: Beyond Anti-Politics?’, The Political Quarterly, 87(3), pp. 383–388. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12247.

Marsh, David, O’Toole, Therese, and Jones, Su (2007a) Young people and politics in the UK: apathy or alienation? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Marsh, David, O’Toole, Therese, and Jones, Su (2007b) Young people and politics in the UK: apathy or alienation? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Marsh, David, O’Toole, Therese, and Jones, Su (2007c) Young people and politics in the UK: apathy or alienation? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Marsh, I. (2016) ‘Democratic Discontents. Comment on: Flinders, M. (2015) The Problem with Democracy’, Parliamentary Affairs, 69(1), pp. 207–210. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv007.

McAllister, I. (2001) ‘Explaining turnout in the 2001 British General Election∗’, Representation, 38(3), pp. 256–267. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344890108523188.

McAllister, L. (1998) ‘The Welsh Devolution Referendum: Definitely, Maybe?’, Parliamentary Affairs, 51(2), pp. 149–165.

Mchugh, D. (2006) ‘Wanting to be Heard But Not Wanting to Act? Addressing Political Disengagement’, Parliamentary Affairs, 59(3), pp. 546–552. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsl027.

Milner, Henry (2010) The internet generation: engaged citizens or political dropouts. Lebanon NH: University Press of New England. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10395900.

Mitchell, J., Bennie, L. and Johns, R. (2017) ‘Referendum as platform: the SNP and Scottish Green membership surge’, Political Insight, 8(3), pp. 16–19.

Mitchell, James, Bennie, Lynn G., and Johns, Robert (2012) The Scottish National Party: transition to power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

de Moor, J. (2016) ‘Lifestyle politics and the concept of political participation’, Acta Politica [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2015.27.

Morel, L. and Qvortrup, M. (eds) (2018) The Routledge handbook to referendums and direct democracy. London, [England]: Routledge. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5185375.

Muller, E.N. (1979) Aggressive Political Participation. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Mycock, A. and Tonge, J. (2012) ‘The Party Politics of Youth Citizenship and Democratic Engagement’, Parliamentary Affairs, 65(1), pp. 138–161. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsr053.

New paper by Professor Matt Qvortrup: ‘A Tale of Two Referendums’ | The Constitution Society: Working to promote informed debate about constitutional reform (no date). Available at: http://www.consoc.org.uk/2015/09/new-paper-by-professor-matt-qvortrup-a-tale-of-two-referendums/.

Nielsen, J.S. (ed.) (2014) Muslim Political Participation in Europe. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=479626.

Norris, P. (1991) ‘Gender Differences in Political Participation in Britain: Traditional, Radical and Revisionist Models’, Government and Opposition, 26(01), pp. 56–74. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1991.tb01124.x.

Norris, P. (2001) Digital Divide? Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, P. (2011) Democratic deficit: critical citizens revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, Pippa (2001a) Britain votes, 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Norris, Pippa (2001b) Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, Pippa (2002a) Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, Pippa (2002b) Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, Pippa (2002c) Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, Pippa (2002d) Democratic phoenix: reinventing political activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, Pippa and Gavin, Neil T. (1997) Britain votes, 1997. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Oliver Hawkins (no date) ‘UK Election Statistics: 1918-2017’. Available at: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7529.

O’Toole, T. et al. (2003) ‘Tuning out or left out? Participation and non-participation among young people’, Contemporary Politics, 9(1), pp. 45–61. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1356977032000072477.

O’Toole, T., Marsh, D. and Jones, S. (2003) ‘Political Literacy Cuts Both Ways: The Politics of Non-participation among Young People’, The Political Quarterly, 74(3), pp. 349–360. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.00544.

Page, E.C. (1999) ‘The insider/outsider distinction: an empirical investigation’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 1(2), pp. 205–214. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-856X.00011.

Papers and Publications | ESRC Party Members Project (PMP) (no date). Available at: https://esrcpartymembersproject.org/papers-publications/.

Park, Alison (2003) British social attitudes: the 20th report : continuity and change over two decades. London: SAGE. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10080878.

Park, Alison (2004a) British social attitudes: the 21st report : continuity and change over two decades. London: SAGE. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10256787.

Park, Alison (2004b) British social attitudes: the 21st report : continuity and change over two decades. London: SAGE. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/Doc?id=10256787.

Park, Alison (2012) British social attitudes: The 28th report. 2011th-2012 edition edn. Los Angeles, Calif: Sage. Available at: http://www.bsa.natcen.ac.uk/latest-report/british-social-attitudes-28/political-engagement.aspx.

Park, Alison and National Centre for Social Research (2002) British social attitudes: the 19th report. London: SAGE. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=10348609.

Park, Alison and National Centre for Social Research (2008) British social attitudes: the 24th report. London: SAGE. Available at: http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664380620002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Park, Alison and National Centre for Social Research (2010) British social attitudes: the 26th report. London: SAGE. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=254593.

Parry, G. and Moyser, G. (1990) ‘A Map of Political Participation in Britain’, Government and Opposition, 25(02), pp. 147–169.

Parry, Geraint, Moyser, George, and Day, Neil (1992) Political participation and democracy in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

‘Parties hope their digital push will click with Britain’s voters’ (no date) Financial Times [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/760593c4-e696-11e4-9fa1-00144feab7de.html#axzz3rx1tUACz.

Pattie, C. (2003) ‘Civic Attitudes and Engagement in Modern Britain’, Parliamentary Affairs, 56(4), pp. 616–633. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsg106.

Pattie, C. J., Seyd, Patrick, and Whiteley, Paul (2004a) Citizenship in Britain: values, participation and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=74997.

Pattie, C. J., Seyd, Patrick, and Whiteley, Paul (2004b) Citizenship in Britain: values, participation and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=74997.

Pattie, C. and Johnston, R. (2001) ‘A Low Turnout Landslide: Abstention at the British General Election of 1997’, Political Studies, 49(2), pp. 286–305. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00314.

Pattie, C. and Johnston, R. (2007) ‘Power to the People Through “Real Power and True Elections”? The Power Report and Revitalising British Democracy’, Parliamentary Affairs, 60(2), pp. 253–278. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsm005.

Paul F. Whiteley, Patrick Seyd, Jeremy Richardson and Paul Bissell (1994) ‘Explaining Party Activism: The Case of the British Conservative Party’, British Journal of Political Science, 24(1), pp. 79–94. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/194186.

Peele, G. and Francis, J.G. (eds) (2016) David Cameron and conservative renewal: the limits of modernisation? Manchester: Manchester University Press. Available at: http://le.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=5664736860002746&institutionId=2746&customerId=2745.

Pemberton, H. and Wickham-Jones, M. (2013) ‘Labour’s lost grassroots: The rise and fall of party membership’, British Politics, 8(2), pp. 181–206. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2012.27.

Peter A. Hall (1999) ‘Social Capital in Britain’, British Journal of Political Science, 29(3), pp. 417–461. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/194145.

Phelps, E. (2004) ‘Young Citizens and Changing Electoral Turnout, 1964-2001’, The Political Quarterly, 75(3), pp. 238–248. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2004.00608.x.

PHELPS, E. (2005) ‘Young Voters at the 2005 British General Election’, The Political Quarterly, 76(4), pp. 482–487. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2005.00710.x.

Pickard, S. (2017) ‘Momentum and the Movementist “Corbynistas”: Young People Regenerating the Labour Party in Britain’, in S. Pickard and J. Bessant (eds) Young people re-generating politics in times of crises. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 115–137. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58250-4_7.

Pickard, S. and Bessant, J. (2017) Young People Re-Generating Politics in Times of Crises. 1st ed. 2018. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.

Plows, A. (2008) ‘Towards an Analysis of the “Success” of UK Green Protests’, British Politics, 3(1), pp. 92–109. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bp.4200081.

Ponce, A.F. and Scarrow, S.E. (2016) ‘Which members? Using cross-national surveys to study party membership’, Party Politics, 22(6), pp. 679–690. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068814550435.

Power Inquiry (2006) ‘Power to the People: an independent inquiry into Britain’s democracy - the full report | Joseph Rowntree Reform Trust’. Available at: http://www.jrrt.org.uk/publications/power-people-independent-inquiry-britains-democracy-full-report.

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Qvortrup, M. (ed.) (2014) Referendums around the world: the continued growth of direct democracy. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/login?url=http://leicester.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1809324.

Qvortrup, M. (2015) ‘Power to the People! But How? the Different Uses of Referendums around the WorldAltmanD. (2011) Direct Democracy Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.BernhardL. (2012) Campaign Strategy in Direct Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.HoboltS. B. (2009) Europe in Question: Referendums on European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.SchillerT. (ed.) (2011) Local Direct Democracy in Europe. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.SetäläM. and SchillerT. (eds) (2012) Citizens’ Initiatives in Europe: Procedures and Consequences of Agenda-Setting by Citizens. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.TierneyS. (2012) Constitutional Referendums: The Theory and Practice of Republican Deliberation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Wyn JonesR. and ScullyR. (2012) Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.’, Political Studies Review, 13(1), pp. 37–45. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12046.

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‘Scandals, war and the Millennials: Why the Iraq War and the expenses scandal are not to blame for the low turnout of the young’ (2015) British Politics [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/doi:10.1057/bp.2015.11.

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Theocharis, Y. (2011) ‘THE INFLUENCE OF POSTMATERIALIST ORIENTATIONS ON YOUNG BRITISH PEOPLE’S OFFLINE AND ONLINE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION’, Representation, 47(4), pp. 435–455. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2011.611160.

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Theocharis, Y. and Deth, J.W. van (2018) Political participation in a changing world: conceptual and empirical challenges in the study of citizen engagement. New York, New York: Routledge. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=5023836.

Theocharis, Y. and van Deth, J.W. (2018) ‘The continuous expansion of citizen participation: a new taxonomy’, European Political Science Review, 10(01), pp. 139–163. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773916000230.

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Vromen, A. (2017) Digital citizenship and political engagement: the challenge from online campaigning and advocacy organisations. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4748997.

Wagner, M. (2016) ‘Why do Party Members Leave?’, Parliamentary Affairs [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsw024.

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Whiteley, Paul (2011a) Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680.

Whiteley, Paul (2011b) Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680.

Whiteley, Paul (2011c) Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680.

Whiteley, Paul (2011d) Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680.

Whiteley, Paul (2011e) Political participation in Britain: the decline and revival of civic culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/leicester/detail.action?docID=4763680.

Whiteley, Paul and Seyd, Patrick (2002a) High-intensity participation: the dynamics of party activism in Britain. Ann Arbor, Mich: The University of Michigan Press. Available at: https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-824505-dt-content-rid-2072831_5/library/eReserves/PL3127/PL3127_27691.pdf.

Whiteley, Paul and Seyd, Patrick (2002b) High-intensity participation: the dynamics of party activism in Britain. Ann Arbor, Mich: The University of Michigan Press.

Whiteley, Paul, Seyd, Patrick, and Billinghurst, Antony (2006) Third force politics: Liberal Democrats at the grassroots. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Williamson, A. (2015) ‘The Digital Campaign: Are We There Yet?’, Political Insight, 6(3), pp. 28–31. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-9066.12112.

Wright, S. (2016) ‘“Success” and online political participation: The case of Downing Street E-petitions’, Information, Communication & Society, 19(6), pp. 843–857. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1080285.

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Wring, Dominic (2007) Political communications: the general election campaign of 2005. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

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